She began her professional career in 2014 as Assistant Secretary of the Public Chamber of the Russian Federation and Adviser to the Co-Chairman of the All-Russian People's Front. From 2017 to 2020, she worked as Adviser to the Head of the Udmurt Republic for Interaction with Government Bodies and the Public.

From 2020 to 2024, she served as Deputy General Director of ANO "Dialog", responsible for GR and external communications. Concurrently, from 2021 to 2025, she was Programme Director of the educational programme "Workshop of New Media", overseeing public relations and strategic communications.

Since 2024, Yulia Poletaeva has headed the Department for the Implementation of Entrepreneurship Support Projects at RVB LLC and manages the "Growth Platform" project.